身体语言对非语言沟通
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摘要
/ B3 t1 X# a3 M1 L "身体语言" ，比如我们的口头语言，同时也是我们文化的一部分。 但并非所有的身体语言，是指同一件事在不同的文化。 不同的人有不同的方式，使非语言沟通。例如：不同的人有不同的想法如何恰当的距离，人与人之间的对话;是否恰当的身体接触会随不同的文化，一个可以借鉴了不少列出的"规则"的有关眼神接触：看或不看;何时看多久，看看谁和谁不看;笑容与笑声往往传达友爱，赞成不赞成，满意不满意，高兴，喜悦，并饶有趣味，而且，这是大致如此，在中国，以及为以英语为母语的国家，但，也有这种情况时，有些中国人会笑着表示，会引起负面反应，由西方人;手势可能特别棘手，稍有差异，使政府的这一姿态本身可能意味着完全不同从这个打算，并在一个错误的解释，一种姿态，可引起颇使人感到意外的反应等等.因此，为了有效沟通，在一门外语，要知道，也手势，身体动作，地等伴随特定语言。
Some authorities feel that the two are dependent on each other.
一些主管部门认为，两者是相互依存的。
This is certainly true in most situations.
这确实是真正的，在大多数情况下。
But it is also true that in certain situations body action contradicts what is being said, just as the spoken words may mean something quite different from what body language communicates.
但它也确实在某些情况下身体行动互相矛盾，什么是正说，正如刚才发言的话，可能意味着完全不同，从身体语言传达。
When this occurs, one must try to get further information, or guess the meaning from the context of the situation.
当这种情况发生时，我们必须设法得到更多的信息，或猜意思，从上下文的情况。
In a sense, all body language should be interpreted within a given context; to ignore the overall situation could be misleading.
在某种意义上说，所有的身体语言应解释为某一特定语境;忽视全局可能产生误导作用。
A comparative study of Chinese and American body language shows a number of similarities and diversities of body language.
比较研究中国和美国的身体语言表明了一些相似和不同的身体语言。
It shows the importance of knowing the specific gestures that go with a language.
它显示的重要性，知道具体手势说，去一个语言。
Observation shows that a truly bilingual person switches his body language at the same time he switches languages.
观察表明，一个真正的双语人的开关，他的身体语言在同一时间，他开关语文。
This makes communication easier and better.
这使得沟通更容易，更好。
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. S2 l8 k" `. t1 ]0 KKey words: nonverbal communication body language different culture different ways
关键词：非语言沟通身体语言不同，文化不同方式
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% i% l% m& b& N! X; }' vContents
目录
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1 。
Introduction …… 1
导言… … 1
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2 。
The necessity and importance of learning body language on nonverbal communication …… 2
的必要性和重要性，学习身体语言，对非言语沟通… … 2条
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3.
3 。
The concrete types and application of the body language …… 3
具体种类及应用的身体语言… … 3
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3.1 Types of body language …… 3
3.1类型的身体语言… … 3
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3.1.1 Distance between people conversing …… 3
3.1.1距离，人与人之间的对话… … 3
% m( O) X' o2 |" _6 E6 c7 Z9 C3.1.2 Physical contact …… 3
3.1.2身体接触… … 3
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3.1.3 Eye contact …… 4
3.1.3目光接触… … 4
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3.1.4 Smiles and laughter …… 6
3.1.4笑容与笑声… …六日
) b" a/ U/ M8 s3.1.5 Gestures …… 6
3.1.5手势… …六日
: z, h9 [3 e, F" R. h3.2 Application of the body language …… 6
3.2运用身体语言… …六日
% ]8 @" N3 r/ S% q! | D3 `3.2.1 Greetings …… 6
3.2.1问候… …六日
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3.2.2 Signs of affection …… 8
3.2.2标志的感情… … 8日
% s. K5 v% z9 x# w4 j- z3.2.3 Physical contact in life …… 8
3.2.3身体接触，在
生活中… … 8日
0 P. I' S5 w0 c0 {4 R1 D! s3.3 A comparative study of Chinese and American body language …… 9
3.3比较研究中国和美国的身体语言… …九日
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Conclusion …… 12
结论… … 12个
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Introduction
导言
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When a Chinese converses with a Canadian or American friend of the opposite sex, would it be indecent to be looking at the other person?
当一名中国converses与加拿大或美国的朋友，异性，将它不雅将寻求在其他人吗？
( ~6 `. `0 t/ B @( _1 R( `# iIf two young friends of the same sex walk with their arms around each other’s shoulders or hold hands, would this be regarded by English-speaking people as proper?
如果两个青年朋友们的性别相同的走自己的武器靠近对方的肩膀或持有手中，这会被认为是英语为母语的人士为恰当？
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Does nodding the head mean “yes”, and shaking the head mean “no” in all cultures?
是否点头头部等于"赞成" ，并动摇头部意味着"不" ，在所有文化？
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There are not questions about language, but about body language, about nonverbal communication.
有没有问题，语言，但对身体语言，对非言语交际。
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Nonverbal communication, composed of pictures, dresses, eye contact, spatial signals, gestures and so on, is as important as verbal communication.
非语言沟通，组成的画面，女连衣裙，目光接触，空间信号，手势等，是同样重要的口头沟通。
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People communicate in many different ways.
人们沟通，在许多不同的方法。
One of the most important ways, of course, is through language.
其中一个最重要的途径，当然是通过语言。
Moreover, when language is written it can be completely isolated from the context in which it occurs; it can be treated as if it were an independent and self-contained process.
此外，当语言写的，它可以完全孤立的，从上下文中出现的，它可以被视作如果是一个独立的和自成一体的过程。
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Like all animals, people communicate by their actions as well as by the noises they make.
象所有的动物，人的沟通，通过自己的行动，以及由杂音，他们作出的。
It is a sort of biological anomaly of man—something like the giraffe’s neck, or the pelican’s beak—that our vocal noises have so for outgrown in importance and frequency all our other methods of signaling to one another.
它是一种生物异常的人有点像长颈鹿的脖子，或鹈鹕嘴-我们的声带杂音有如此超越中的重要性和频率我们所有其他方法的信号给对方。
Language is obviously essential for human beings, but it is not the whole story of human communication.
语言显然是必不可少的人，但它并不是整个故事的人际沟通。
Not by a long shot.
而不是由一个长期一枪。
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The study of nonverbal communication should be complementary to the study of language.
研究非言语交际应补充学习的语言。
The understanding of one should be helpful in the further understanding of the other.
谅解的一个应该会有帮助，在进一步了解了对方。
Some authorities feel that the two are dependent on each other.
一些主管部门认为，两者是相互依存的。
This is certainly true in most situations.
这确实是真正的，在大多数情况下。
But it is also true that in certain situation body action contradicts what is being said, just as the spoken words may mean something quite different from what nonverbal communication communicates.
但它也确实在某些情况身体行动互相矛盾，什么是正说，正如刚才发言的话，可能意味着完全不同，从非语言沟通沟通。
When this occurs, one must try to get further information, or guess the meaning from the context of the situation.
当这种情况发生时，我们必须设法得到更多的信息，或猜意思，从上下文的情况。
In a case, all nonverbal communication should be interpreted within a given context; to ignore the overall situation could be misleading.
在一宗案件中，所有非言语交际应解释为某一特定语境;忽视全局可能产生误导作用。
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2 。
The necessity and importance of learning body language on nonverbal communication
的必要性和重要性，学习身体语言，对非言语交际
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Although we may not realize it, when we converse with others we communicate by much more than words.
虽然我们可能没有意识到，当我们逆向与他人沟通，我们是由远不止的话。
By our expressions, gestures and other body movements we send messages to these around us a smile and an outstretched hand show welcome.
我们的表情，手势和其它身体动作，我们发出的邮件，这些在我们身边微笑，并伸出的手查看欢迎。
A form is a sign of displeasure.
一种形式是一种迹象的不悦之情。
Nodding one’s head means agreement—“Yes”.
点头，一个人的头，就是具体协议"是" 。
Waving an outstretched hand with open palm is the gesture for “goodbye”.
挥舞着一个伸出的手，张开手掌，是政府的这一姿态，为"再见" 。
Leaning back in one’s seat and yawning at a talk or lecture shows lack of interest, boredom.
一边倒回到自己的座位和打哈欠在一次谈话或演讲，显示缺乏兴趣，解闷。
These gestures have come to be accepted in general as having the meanings mentioned, at last to Chinese and Americans.
这些姿态来接受一般为具有意义提到，在去年的中国人和美国人。
There are parts of the way in which we communicate.
有部分以何种方式，我们沟通。
This “body language”, like our verbal language, is also a part of our culture.
这种"身体语言" ，比如我们的口头语言，同时也是我们文化的一部分。
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But not all body language means the same thing in different cultures.
但并非所有的身体语言，是指同一件事在不同的文化。
Different people have different ways of making nonverbal communication.
不同的人有不同的方式，使非语言沟通。
The answers to the questions at the beginning of this chapter are all “no”.
这个问题的答案在本月初章都是"没有" 。
Even nodding the head may have a different meaning.
连点头头部可能具有不同的意义。
To Nepalese, Sri Lankans, some Indians and some Eskimos it means not “yes”, but “no”.
到尼泊尔，斯里兰卡人，一些印度人和一些爱斯基摩人，它的方法，而不是"赞成" ，但"没有" 。
So in order to communicate effectively in a foreign language, one should know also the gestures, body movements, mannerisms and etc. that accompany a particular language.
因此，为了有效沟通，在一门外语，要知道，也手势，身体动作，地等伴随特定语言。
1 `* n3 t3 `: L' `4 w! zBody language is an important media through which people communicate with each other.
身体语言是一个重要的媒介，使人们彼此沟通无碍。
It refers to the patterns of facial expressions and gestures that people use to express their feelings in communication.
它是指规律的面部表情和手势的人使用，以表达他们的感情沟通。
The specialist on body language research—Fen.
专科体态语研究芬。
Lafle.
lafle 。
Angles, once said: "Once it was lost, a baby couldn t have grown into a normal person".
角度，曾经说过： "一旦它消失了，一具婴儿couldn具备成长为一个正常的人" 。
It s also true to the juveniles.
资讯科技s也是如此，给青少年。
In school education, body language plays a positive role in cultivating the students characters.
在学校教育中，身体语言方面发挥了积极作用，在培养
学生的汉字。
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3.
3 。
The concrete types and application of the body language
具体种类及应用的身体语言
" _, n$ j, l5 z, G# k: R3.1 Types of body language
3.1类型的身体语言
+ u. p& G! w, c( t( r3.1.1 Distance between people conversing
3.1.1距离，人与人之间的对话
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Watch an Arab and an Englishman in conversation.
观看了阿拉伯和一个英国人在交谈。
The Arab, showing friendliness in the manner of his people, will stand close to the Englishman.
阿拉伯显示，在友善的方式，他的人，会站在接近英国人。
The latter will move back, watching to the Englishman.
后者将回迁，看向英国人。
The Arab will then move forward to be closer; the Englishman will keep moving backward.
阿拉伯，然后向前迈进，以贴近;英国人将不断地移动落后。
By the end of the conversation, the two may be quite a distance from the conversation; the two may be quite a distance from the place where they were originally standing!
到去年底，在交谈中，两国可能有一定的距离，从交谈;两个可能相当距离的地方，他们原本站在！
1 a' o1 x1 r: k3 @/ ~ c& }Here, distance between the two is the key factor.
在这里，两国的距离，是最关键的因素。
Different people have different ideas about the proper distance between people conversing.
不同的人有不同的想法如何恰当的距离，人与人之间的对话。
According to studies, it seems there are four main distances in American social and business relations: intimate, personal, social, and public.
据研究，它似乎主要有四个距离，在美国社会和商界的关系：亲密的，个人，社会和公众。
Intimate distance ranges from direct physical contact to a distance of about 45 centimeters; this is for people’s most private relations and activities, between man and wife, for example.
亲密的距离范围之内，由直接的身体接触，以距离约45厘米;这是为了最广大人民的私人关系和活动中，人与妻子，为例子。
Personal distance is about 45—80 centimeters and is most common when friends, acquaintances and relatives converse.
个人距离约45-80厘米，是最常见的时候，朋友，熟人和亲友通话。
Social distance may be anywhere from about 1.30 meters to 3 meters; people who work together, or people doing business, as well as most of those in conversation at social gatherings tend to keep a distance is farther than any of the above and is generally for speakers in public and for teachers in classrooms.
社会距离，可在任何地方从约1.30米至3米;的人一起工作，或人做生意，以及大多数在交谈中，在社交聚会往往保持距离，是远超过上述任何一项，并普遍为发言者在公众和
教师在课堂上。
- j) m; f# |/ w0 vThe important thing to keep in mind is that most English-speaking people do not like people to be too close.
重要的事，必须牢记于心的是，现在多数以英语为母语的人不喜欢的人来得太近。
Being too far apart, of course, may be awkward, but being too close makes people uncomfortable, unless there is a reason, such as showing affection or encouraging intimacy.
过于遥远，当然，可能会尴尬，但太接近，让人不舒服，除非有一个理由，如显示的感情或鼓励也就越高。
But that is another matter.
不过，这是另一回事。
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3.1.2身体接触
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/ M& \$ p, o3 N& UThe appropriateness of physical contact varies with different cultures.
是否恰当的身体接触会随不同的文化。
Figures from a study offer interesting insight into this matter.
人物研究提供了有趣的洞察到这件事。
Pairs of individuals sitting and chatting in college shops in different places were observed for at last one hour each.
对个人会议，并在聊天
学院商店在不同的地方观察，在持续一小时。
The number of times that either one touched the other in that one hour was recorded, as follows: London, 0; Gainesville, Florida, 2; Pairs, 10; San Juan, Puerto Rico, 180.
多少次，一触及对方在说，一小时内录得，具体情况如下：伦敦， 0 ;盖恩斯维尔，佛罗里达州， 2 ;无独有偶， 10岁;波多黎各圣胡安， 180 。
These figures speak for themselves.
这些数字来说话。
(Robinett, 1978)
（罗比内特， 1978 ）
5 ~; f; o; E$ X3 r& ]. K, f9 \In English-speaking countries, physical contact is generally avoided in conversation among ordinary friends or acquaintances.
在以英语为母语的国家，身体接触是通常避免在谈话间普通的朋友或熟人。
Merely touching someone may cause an unpleasant reaction.
只是在谈到有人可能引起不愉快的反应。
If one touches another person accidentally, he/she usually utters an apology such as “Sorry, Oh, I’m sorry, Excuse me.”
如果其中涉及到另一个人不小心，他/她通常什么话道歉，如"对不起，哦，对不起，对不起" 。
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In China, a common complaint of western mothers is that Chinese often fondle their babies and very small children.
在中国，一个普通的投诉，西方的母亲是中国人常爱不释手她们的婴儿和很小的孩子。
Such behavior—whether touching, patting, hugging or kissing—can be quite embarrassing and awkward for the mothers.
这种行为是否触摸，轻拍，拥抱或接吻-可以很尴尬，尴尬的，为母亲。
They know that no harm is meant, and that such gestures are merely signs of friendliness or affection, therefore they cannot openly show their displeasure.
他们知道，没有伤害是指，而这种姿态，只不过是招牌的热情或情感人，因此他们无法公开表达他们的不满。
On the other hand, such actions in their own culture would be considered rude, intrusive and offensive and could arouse a strong dislike and even repugnance.
在另一方面，这种行为在自己的文化，将被视为粗鲁，干涉和进攻性，并可能引起强烈的反感，甚至厌恶。
So the mothers often stand by and watch in awkward silence, with mixed emotions, even when the fondling is by Chinese friends or acquaintances.
所以，母亲往往袖手旁观，眼看处于难堪的沉默，但是会产生不同的情绪，甚至当抚摸，是由中国朋友或熟人。
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Going beyond the milder forms of touching, we shall take up the matter of hugging and embracing in public.
超越温和形式的感动，我们会跟进此事的拥抱和拥抱公开亮相。
This practice is fairly common among women in many countries.
这种做法是相当普遍，许多国家的妇女。
And in most of the more industrialized countries, it occurs frequently between husband and wife and close members of the family when meeting after a period of absence.
而在大多数的工业化国家，也经常发生，夫妻间密切的家庭成员会晤时，经过一段时间的缺席。
Hugging and embracing among men, however, is a different matter.
拥抱和拥抱男人，不过，这是一个不同的问题。
Among Arabs, Russians, French, and in several of the east European and Mediterranean countries, a warm hug and a kiss on the cheeks are a standard way of welcome.
其中阿拉伯人，俄罗斯人，法国人，并在几个东欧和地中海国家，一个温暖的拥抱和一个吻脸颊，是一种标准的方式欢迎我们。
The same is true with some Latin Americans.
同样如此，一些拉美裔。
In East Asia and in the English-speaking countries, though, the practice is seldom seen.
在东亚以及在以英语为母语的国家，虽然，在实践中是少见的。
A simple handshake is the custom.
一个简单的握手，是习惯。
The story is told of what happened not long ago when the Japanese prime minister at the time, Mr. Fukuda, went to the US on a state visit.
故事是说，到底发生了什么，没多久前，当日本首相在那个时候，先生，福田赳夫，却去了美国对一个国家进行访问。
When he stepped out of his car in front of the white house, he was greeted by the American president whit a “bear hug”.
当他步出他的汽车在白宫前，他被在场迎接的美国总统圣灵"紧拥抱" 。
The prime minister was flabbergasted; others of the Japanese delegation were amazed; many Americans were surprised—it was so unusual and so unexpected.
英国首相感到大吃一惊，其他的日本代表团分别惊讶，许多美国人都感到惊讶-它是如此不寻常，如此出乎意料。
If the president had bowed low in Japanese fashion, it would have been less a surprise than to be greeted in a way so uncommon in either country!
如果总统鞠躬低，在日本时装，它会一直不太出人意料地超过被迎候在某种程度上已经少见，在任何一国！
; ] e1 J, w% c. y8 _4 \9 p+ BThe matter of physical contact between members of the same sex in English-speaking countries is a delicate one.
此事的身体接触，成员之间的性别相同的，在以英语为母语的国家，是一个微妙的。
Once past childhood, the holding of hands, or walking with an arm around another’s shoulder is not considered proper.
一旦过去的童年，持有手中，或走路手臂靠近对方的肩膀，是不是认为恰当的。
The implication is homosexuality, and homosexuality generally arouses strong social disapproval in these countries.
其含义是：同性恋和同性恋普遍反映强烈的社会认同，在这些国家。
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3.1.3 Eye contact
3.1.3目光接触
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Eye contact is an important aspect of body language.
眼神接触是一个重要方面，身体语言。
One could draw up quite a list of “rules” about eye contact: to look or not to look; when to look and how long to look; who and who not to look at.
一个可以借鉴了不少列出的"规则"的有关眼神接触：看或不看，当看多久，看看谁和谁不能来看看。
These passages from the book Body Language (Fast, 1971) are amusing as well as informative:
这些通道从书中的身体语言（快速， 1971年）是风趣以及翔实：
1 X; {* r- I1 q9 O$ q2 |5 y“Tow strangers seated across from each other in a railway dining car have the option of introducing themselves and facing a meal of inconsequential and perhaps boring talk, or ignoring each other and desperately trying to avoid each other’s glance.
"丝束陌生人坐在对面对方，铁路餐车有选择的引进和自身所面临的一餐的无关紧要，也许枯燥的谈话，或无视对方，并拼命设法避免对方的一瞥。
A writer, describing such a situation in an essay, wrote, ‘they re-read the menu, they fool with the cutlery, they inspect their own fingernails as if seeing them for the first time.
一个作家，并形容这种情况下，在一篇文章中写道， '他们重看菜单，他们愚弄与餐具，他们检查自己的指甲，仿佛看到他们还是第一次。
Comes the inevitable moment when glances meet, but they meet only to shoot instantly away and out the window for an intent view of the passing scene.’ ”
随之而来的不可避免的时候，眼神满足，但他们只能满足拍即刻离开，并出窗口的意图鉴于及格现场' " 。
; N- R! r1 b% E$ G7 o( k6 zHe points out that with people who are unfamiliar:
他指出，随着人感到陌生：
$ r; l. V: |" x8 K4 H- y$ w“We must void staring at them, and yet we must also avoid ignoring them… We look at them long enough to make it quite clear that we see them, and then we immediately look away.
"我们必须作废，凝望他们，但我们还必须避免忽视这些问题… …我们看看他们只要足以令它很清楚，我们看见他们，然后我们就立即离开房屋。
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There are different formulas for the exchange of glances depending on where the meeting takes place.
也有不同的计算公式为交换眼神，取决于那里会议上露面。
If you pass someone in the street you may eye the oncoming person till you are about eight feet apart, then you must look away as you pass.
如果您通过有人在街上，你可能眼睛迎面而来的人，直到你大约八米，那你就要看看离你们通过。
Before the eight-foot distance is reached, each will signal in which direction he will pass.
前8英尺的距离是达成共识，将每一个信号，在哪个方向，他会通过。
This is done with a brief look in that direction.
这是做了一个简单看看这个方向迈进。
Each will veer slightly, and the passing is done smoothly.”
每241微升，及格，是顺利实施" 。
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In conversations with people who know each other, however, American custom demands that there should be eye contact.
在交谈的人互相认识，不过，美国定制需求应该有眼神接触。
This applies to both the speaker and the listener.
这既适用于议长及听众。
For either one not to look at the other person could imply a number of things, among which are fear, contempt, uneasiness, guilt, indifference, even in public speaking there should be plenty of eye contact.
无论是一个不看看其他人可能意味着几件事，其中最主要的是恐惧，藐视，不安，内疚，漠不关心，甚至在公开演讲应该有大量的目光接触。
For a speaker to “burry his nose in his manuscript”, to read a speech instead of looking at and talking to hid audience, as some Chinese speakers are in the habit of doing, would be regarded as inconsiderate and disrespectful.
为议长，以" burry他的鼻子在他的手稿" ，阅读了讲话，而是看和交谈躲在观众，因为中国一些发言者都习惯做的，都将被视为轻慢和不敬。
' ~+ k5 t x3 ~" {, ?' OIn conversation, a person shows that he is listening by looking at the other person’s eyes or face.
在交谈中，一个人，说明他是听看在其他人的眼睛或脸。
If the other person is speaking at some length, the listener will occasionally make sounds like “Hmm”, “Ummm”, or nod his head to indicate his attention.
如果其他人的发言，在一些长，听者会偶尔做出听起来像"哼" ， " ummm " ，或点头他的头部，以示重视。
If he agrees with the speaker, he may nod or smile.
如果他同意与议长，他可以点头或微笑。
If he disagrees or has some reservations, he may slant his head to one side, raise an eyebrow, have a quizzical look.
如果他不同意或有所保留，他可倾斜他的头向一边倾斜，提出一个眉毛，有一个quizzical看看。
% U7 j" S1 J5 W- p f3 v" FStaring at people or holding a glance too long is considered improper in English-speaking countries.
凝望的人，或举着一眼太长被认为是不正当的，在以英语为母语的国家。
Even when the look may be one of appreciation—as of beauty—it may make people uneasy and embarrassed.
甚至当看可能是一种欣赏-作为美的-它可能使人们感到不安和尴尬。
Many Americans traveling abroad find the stares of the local people irritating.
许多美国人出国寻找stares的当地民众厌烦。
They become extremely self-conscious and often end up quite indignant about the “rudeness” of the people there, not realizing that the practice may be quite common in the country and may be nothing more than curiosity.
他们变得非常自觉，并最后往往是相当气愤， "粗鲁" ，那里的人民，而不是实现这一做法可能相当普遍，在该国，并可能的事情莫过于好奇。
Many English-speaking people in china have heard to complain about this.
许多英语为母语的人士在中国所听到的抱怨。
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“The language of the eyes”—one of the most common and ancient ways of exchanging feelings between boys and girls, men and women—is especially elaborate in the United States.
"语文的眼睛" ，其中最常见，最古老的方式交流感情，男孩和女孩之间，男性和女性，尤其是阐述在美国。
Much study has been made of this: how people of the opposite sex show interest or indifference, encouragement or discouragement, approval or disapproval, affection or aversion.
许多研究已经取得了本：人们如何对异性表现出兴趣或漠不关心，鼓励或劝告，赞成或反对，情感或反感。
However, there are many differences even within the United States.
但是，也有不少分歧，甚至在美国国内。
Men use their eyes in different ways than women; there are differences of age, class or social status and geographical region; there are differences of ethnic background.
男人用自己的眼睛在以不同的方式比女性有不同的年龄，阶级或社会地位和地理区域，有不同的种族背景。
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The story is told of a teenage Puerto Rican girl in a New York high school who was taken with a number of other girls to the principal for suspected smoking.
故事是说一个十几岁的波多黎各女孩在一个新的纽约高中是采取与其他一些女孩给校长因涉嫌吸烟。
Although there was no proof of any wrongdoing and although she had a good record, the principal decided she was guilty and suspended her.
虽然没有证据证明有任何不法行为，虽然她有一个良好的记录，主要决定她有罪，并暂停她。
“There was something sly and suspicious about her,” he said in his report.
"上有一些狡猾和可疑约她， "他说，在他的报告。
“She just wouldn’t meet my eye.
"她只是不符合我的眼睛。
She wouldn’t look at me.”
她不看我的" 。
$ c4 W5 |1 F y4 q1 ~( ]2 G1 }# ZWhen she was questioned by the principal it was true that she kept staring at the floor and refused to meet his eye.
当她提出质疑，主要是真实，她一直盯着地板上，并拒绝会见他的眼睛。
And in English there is a saying “Don’t trust anyone who won’t look at you in the eye.”
和英文有句俗话： "不要相信任何人不会看你的眼睛" 。
2 j6 F" |* H7 k" k' gIt so happened that one of the teachers had a Latin American background and knew about Puerto Rican culture.
事有凑巧，其中的
老师曾是拉丁美洲的背景和知道波多黎各文化。
After talking with the girl’s parents, he went to the principal and explained that according to Puerto Rican culture, a good girl “does not meet the eyes of an adult.” Such behavior, he explained, “is a sign of respect and obedience.”
会谈后，与女孩的父母，他又到校长，并解释说，根据波多黎各文化，一个好女孩" ，不符合的眼里，一个成年人" ，这样的行为，他解释说： "是一个标志，尊重和服从" 。
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Fortunately, the principal accepted the explanation, admitted his mistake and the matter was settled properly.
幸运的是，主要接受的解释，承认自己的错误和问题妥善解决。
This difference in interpreting a simple eye gesture was a lesson in cultural diversity that he would not easily forget.
这种差异在诠释一个简单的眼科姿态是一个教训，在文化多样性的，他不会轻易忘记的。
5 L' F9 c( |+ ~6 ], DRules about eye-language are numerous and complex.
规则约开眼界语言纷繁复杂。
What has been mentioned gives a good idea of this; we shall not go further into detail.
什么刚才已经提过，让一个好主意此，我们不打算进一步细节。
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3.1.4 Smiles and laughter
3.1.4笑容与笑声
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Smiles and laughter usually convey friendliness, approval, satisfaction, pleasure, joy and merriment.
笑容与笑声往往传达友爱，赞成不赞成，满意不满意，高兴，喜悦，并饶有趣味。
This is generally true in China as well as the English-speaking countries.
这是大致如此，在中国，以及为以英语为母语的国家。
However, there are situations when some Chinese will laugh that will cause negative reactions by westerners.
不过，也有这种情况时，有些中国人会笑着表示，会引起负面反应，由西方人。
To illustrate, here is an excerpt from a letter by an American to a Chinese friend on nonverbal gestures that often cause cross-cultural misunderstanding:
为了说明这一点，下面是一个摘自一封信，是由一位美国向中国朋友对非言语手势往往造成跨文化的误解：
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“…One is the different meaning of laughter in China and American.
" … …一个是不同意义的笑声，在中国和美国。
When an American is parking his bicycle, for example, and the bicycle accidentally falls over, he feels embarrassed at his awkwardness, and is quite angered and humiliated when Chinese onlookers laugh.
当一位美国是停车他的自行车，例如，自行车不小心跌倒过，但他觉得尴尬，在他的尴尬，是相当愤怒和屈辱的时候，中国人围观者的笑声。
I have seen the same thing happen in the dining room, when a foreigner drops a plate quite by accident and feels badly and Chinese onlookers laugh, compounding his discomfort and causing anger and bad feeling.”
我看到了同样的事情发生在餐厅，当一个外国人滴一盘相当意外，并且觉得不好，中文围观者笑，复合他的不适，而且造成了愤怒和坏的感觉" 。
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Such laughter, of course, is not at the person or his misfortune—whether he be a foreigner or a Chinese.
这种笑，当然，这是不是在人或其不幸，不论他是外国人或中国人。
It can convey a number of feelings: don’t take it so seriously; laugh it off, it’s nothing; such things can happen to any of us, etc. However, for people unaware of this attitude, the reaction to such laughter is usually quite unpleasant and often generates ill feeling towards those laughing.
它可以传达一些感受：不要采取如此严重;笑过，这没有什么，这样的事情也可能发生在我们任何人等，但是，人们不知道有这样的态度，反应，以这样的笑声通常是相当不愉快的，往往会产生敌意对那些笑起来。
}9 ?2 H1 L) W3.1.5 Gestures
3.1.5手势
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Gestures can be particularly troublesome, for a slight difference in making the gesture itself can mean something quite different from that intended.
手势可能特别棘手，稍有差异，使政府的这一姿态本身可能意味着完全不同从这个打算。
A wrong interpretation of a gesture can arouse quite unexpected reactions.
一个错误的解释，一种姿态，可以调动，颇使人感到意外的反应。
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A well-known case is a gesture made by Winston Churchill, the doughty prime minister who led Britain through the Second World War.
一个众所周知的案例，是一种姿态所作出的邱吉尔，奥尔布赖特在强悍总理率领英国经历了第二次世界大战。
As he appeared before a large crowd, he was greeted with cheers and applause.
他的身影出现一大群人，他迎接他的欢呼声和掌声。
The occasion was a momentous one and Churchill flashed the “V for victory” sign—with the forefinger and middle finger raised to form a “V”.
之际，是一项重大的一个和丘吉尔射出的" V胜利"的标志-以食指和中指上提出成立一个" V "字。
Whether by mistake or ignorance, instead of facing the palm of his hand to the front, he made the “V” with the back of his hand towards the audience.
不论是由错误或无知，而不是面对手掌他的手到了前线，他作出了" V "字，与后面的他的手走向了听众的问题。
Some in the crowd applauded; some gasped; some broke out in laughter.
有的在人群中的掌声，有的目瞪口呆，有的爆发出笑声。
The prime minister’s gesture, as given, meant quite something else.
首相的姿态，因为考虑到，就意味着相当另一回事。
Instead of “V for victory”, it meant something dirty; it was an obscene gesture!
而不是"五胜利" ，这意味着一些肮脏的，它是一个淫秽手势！
7 G/ d+ x" ] y3.2 Application of the body language
3.2运用身体语言
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3.2.1 Greetings
3.2.1问候
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9 v$ \! X0 k* v, JHoa has just arrived from Vietnam.
安和刚刚从越南来港。
Her cousin Phuong and some of his American friends are waiting at the airport to greet her.
她的表妹phuong和他的一些美国朋友都等候在机场迎接她。
Hoa and Phuong are both excited about this meeting because they have been separated for seven years.
清化和phuong都兴奋本次会议上，因为他们已分居7年。
As soon as Hoa enters the passenger terminal, Phuong introduces her to his friends Tom, Don, and Charles.
尽快安和进入客运大楼， phuong介绍，她向他的朋友汤姆，唐，和查尔斯。
Tom steps forward and hugs and kisses Hoa.
汤姆大踏步地前进，并拥抱和亲吻安和。
She pushes him away and bursts into tears.
她把他带走，并连发到流泪了。
) \8 L( L" W1 R! u' F3 B3 nAmong Chinese from Vietnam, if a boy hugs and kisses a girl in public, he insults her.
其中，中国从越南撤军，如果一个男孩拥抱和亲吻一个女孩在公开场合，他侮辱她。
Chinese culture in Vietnam is very strict about this, especially in the rural areas where Hoa grew up.
中国文化在越南，是在这方面非常严格，尤其是在农村地区，安和长大的。
She described her village: “After children are ten years old, boys and girls cannot play together.
她描述她的村庄说： "经过孩子十年岁，男孩和女孩不能玩在一起。
A boy and girl cannot date without their parents’ approval.
一名男童和女童不能日期，而不让父母审批。
A man and woman cannot hug or kiss if they’re not married.”
一男一女不能拥抱或接吻，如果他们没有结婚" 。
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In Hoa’s village if anyone violated these rules, the villagers punished the girl by forcing her to kneel on the ground so they could spit at her and throw rocks at her.
在安和村，如果有人违反这些规则，村民惩处少女强迫她跪在地上，让他们可以随地吐痰，在她和投掷石块的她。
No wonder that Puong’s American friends frightened Hoa.
怪不得puong的美国朋友害怕安和。
She did not know what punishment for public hugging and kissing might be meted out to her in this country.
她不知道什么样的处罚，为市民拥抱和亲吻，可能在平时，她在这个国家。
She confused Tom, who by American standards was dong the right thing.
她混淆了汤姆，他们按美国的标准是董正确的事情。
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Eventually Hoa learned to be comfortable when greeted with hugs and kisses, accepting them as merely perfunctory acts.
最终安和据悉，以感到舒服的时候，迎接他的拥抱和亲吻，接受他们看作仅仅是敷衍的行为。
K7 ^/ h1 I" o! a/ w0 XAnalogous to this situation is another in which Duane, a Chinese American employee, invited his non-Chinese boss, Mr. Keck, to a large family celebration.
类似这种情况，是另一个在Duane眼球，一个美国国籍的华人雇员，邀请他的非华裔老板，先生，它们是，在相当大的家庭聚会。
When Mr. Keck arrived, he shook hands with Duane and, when introduced to Duane’s grandmother, leaned over and kissed her on the cheek.
当先生，它们到达时，他一一握手， Duane眼球，而当介绍到Duane眼球的祖母葬礼，并亲吻了她的面颊。
This shocked the older woman, yet Mr. Keck was totally unaware that he had committed a social blunder.
这震惊了老女人，然而，它们是完全不知道自己曾犯下一个社会的错误。
What he considered as a respectful act, grandmother considered disrespectful.
他认为作为一个尊重的行为，祖母认为是不敬。
Instead, Mr. Keck should have nodded to the older woman and offered her a verbal greeting.
相反，先生，它们应该有点头，以老年妇女，并提出她的口头问候。
6 d1 R" ~! I9 A/ s5 D( L) L◆ When establishing relations with Asians, avoid body contact.
◆当建立关系，亚洲人，避免身体接触。
The safest form is to nod and give a verbal salutation.
最安全的方式就是点头，并给予口头称呼。
Follow their lead as the relationship changes.
跟着他们走，因为关系的转变。
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Like customs everywhere, increased cross-cultural interaction brings about changes in habits; many Asian businesspeople have accommodated to the American handshaking tradition.
像海关无处不在，增加了跨文化的互动带来的改变生活习惯，很多亚洲商人都容纳向美国握手传统。
On the other hand, in a situation where it seems as if bowing would still be the only polite move to make—especially to the Japanese—following these guidelines should make it easier.
在另一方面，在一种情况看来，如果屈从，将仍是唯一礼貌搬到化妆，尤其是到了日本-以下这些指导方针应使它更加容易。
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◆ When bowing to people from Japan, hands should slide down toward the knees or remain at the side.
◆当屈从的人，从日本，手应该滑下，对膝盖，或继续留在一边。
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◆ Back and neck should be held in a rigid position, while eyes look downward.
◆背部和颈部应被关押在僵化的立场，而眼睛向下看。
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◆ The person in the inferior position always bows longer and lower.
◆人中的弱势地位，始终弓箭较长低。
8 {* ^3 d3 @$ RThose from India, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh use the namaste for both greeting and farewells and as a sign of respect.
那些来自印度，斯里兰卡，孟加拉和使用namaste都打招呼和告别时，并作为一种标志的尊重。
They do this by holding their hands chest-high in a prayerlike position, then slightly nod the head; but they do not bow.
他们这样做，由控股双手齐胸高，在一个prayerlike位置，然后稍微点头头部，但他们不低头。
American students of yoga who are taught by Asian teachers become familiar with this gesture that heralds the beginning of each session.
美国学生的瑜珈人士告诉亚洲教师熟悉这一举动预示着每届会议开始。
Thais have a similar greeting, but they call it a wai.
泰国人也有类似的称呼，但他们把它叫做围。
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While body contact is generally taboo in most Asian countries, elsewhere, body contact is expected; shying away from contact gives off negative signals.
而身体接触，一般是禁忌，在大多数亚洲国家，在其他地方，身体接触是预期;回避接触，使小康负面讯号。
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◆ When greeting, people from Indian, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, and Thailand hold their hands together in front of their chins in a prayerlike position and nod their heads.
◆当卡片后，人们从印度，斯里兰卡，孟加拉国和泰国进行其双手合在一起，当着其chins在prayerlike地位和点头头。
' E6 Y# e" s c6 T6 \! N◆ When greeting, most Latinos expect body contact.
◆当卡片后，大部分拉美裔人期望的身体接触。
Hugging and kissing on the check are acceptable for both the same sex and the opposite sex.
拥抱和亲吻就退房是可以接受的，不论同性异性。
The abrazo is commonplace—friends embrace and simultaneously pat each other on the back.
该abrazo是司空见惯的朋友拥抱，同时将八对方的背。
* d2 f. \3 o9 p0 ^; c, ~◆ When greeting, most middle easterners, especially Muslims, avoid body contact with the opposite sex, but men may embrace and kiss one anther.
◆当卡片后，大多数中东人，特别是穆斯林，避免身体接触异性，但男人可能拥抱和亲吻一个花药。
Women may do the same.
女性可以做同样的。
When shaking hands, men should avoid pulling their hands away too quickly.
当握手，男人应避免抽手，离开得太快。
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◆ When greeting most Americans, expect soma body contract.
◆当贺大多数美国人，预期体体合同。
Women kiss once on each cheek and hug; men shake hands.
妇女亲吻一旦对每一脸颊和拥抱;官兵握手。
Men may also hug and kiss women on the cheek if they are close friends.
男人也可以拥抱和亲吻女性的脸颊，如果他们的贴心人。
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◆ When greeting orthodox Jews, avoid body contact with the opposite sex.
◆当迎接东正教犹太人，避免身体接触，与异性。
8 } b) h7 ~. M& B/ o' ^. z3.2.2 Signs of affection
3.2.2标志的情感
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Sheree Bykofsky, an American writer, is thrilled when a cruise ship line purchases copies of her hew romantic travel guide, the best place to kiss in and around New York City.
sheree bykofsky ，一位美国作家，是激动，当游船线采购的副本，她开辟浪漫的
旅游指南，最好的地方，吻在靠近纽约市。
The cruise line plans to give the books as dinner favors during their special valentine’s cruise.
邮轮旅游线计划，让书籍作为晚餐人情案，在其特殊的情人节巡航。
1 N+ d* m: Q. FThey invite Sheree on board to greet the passengers and autograph their copies.
他们邀请sheree船上迎接乘客和他们的亲笔签名的副本。
The Americans and Europeans delight in meeting the author and having her sign their books.
美国人和欧洲人乐于会议作者和过她签上自己的书籍。
However, when Sheree visits the tables of the Japanese passengers, most of them refuse to acknowledge her.
然而，当sheree访问表中的日本乘客，他们大部分都不肯承认她。
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Japanese people do not approve of public body contact and, thus, have developed a complex system of bowing to express relationships.
日本人民并不赞同市民的身体接触，因此，已制定了一个复杂的系统，屈从表达的关系。
Touching a member of the opposite sex is particularly repugnant to their sensitivities; consequently, kissing in public is considered a disgraceful act.
感人的一员异性是特别令人憎恶其敏感性;因此，公共场合接吻被认为是一种可耻的行为。
* k$ L7 |% T6 d; l/ @$ p" u- e4 bThe Japanese snubbed Sheree because the title of her book suggested behavior that did not conform to their standards of respect.
日本sheree碰了钉子，因为所有权的，她建议书的行为不符合其标准的尊重。
They would not acknowledge her because, in their eyes, she promoted vulgarity.
他们不会承认她，因为，在他们眼中，她晋升，庸俗等色彩的。
3 t! r" X0 B- W% T, fAsians from countries other than Japan are equally disapproving when they see American men and women or two men to walk in public holding hands.
亚洲人从其他国家比日本也同样反对，当他们看到美国的男人和女人，两个男人走在公开举行的手中。
However, when they practice this sign of friendship in the states, they are frequently mistaken for homosexuals.
但是，当他们的做法，这种迹象的友谊在国，他们经常误认为同性恋者。
This shocks them.
这个冲击。
' D3 ]% q/ u- B& k+ iSame-sex hand holding or walking arm-in-arm also occurs among Latinos, French, Spanish, Italians, Greeks, and middle easterners.
同一性别之手控股或步行臂，在臂也出现其中拉丁裔，法文，西班牙文，意大利人，希腊人，和中东人。
5 W& }" ~# Y" ^) S/ o# h4 a6 `◆ Most Japanese people strongly disapprove of public expression of affection by males and females through kissing or any other form of body contact.
◆大部分日本人民的强烈反对公开表达感情，由男性和女性通过接吻或其他任何形式的身体接触。
7 n, ?& E: W+ z◆ Same-sex hand holding between Asians, middle-easterners, Latinos, or those from Mediterranean countries is a sign of friendship.
◆同性别之手控股之间的亚洲人，中，德东人，拉美裔，还是那些来自地中海国家是一个迹象，友谊之手。
Walking with arms on each other’s shoulders or with hands or arms linked also equates with camaraderie.
散步与武器对对方的肩膀或手或武器联系在一起，也等于与友爱。
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3.2.3 Physical contact
3.2.3身体接触
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- L1 }. v/ z; H6 D% q8 @When Dorothy receives a wedding invitation to attend her Japanese neighbor’s wedding, she is thrilled.
当阮德徽接到婚礼邀请，将出席她的日语邻居的婚礼，她很高兴。
She has always admired the Yamashita family.
她一向佩服山下家庭。
She is very fond of lance, the about-to-be-married son, and feels extremely close to Grace, his mother.
她是很喜欢枪，约到即将结婚的儿子，感到非常接近的恩典，他的母亲。
Dorothy feels honored to be included in the family festivities.
阮德徽感到荣幸被列入家庭的节日。
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After the beautiful church ceremony, Dorothy stands in line to greet the bridal party.
经过美丽的教堂仪式，阮德徽站在线，以迎接新娘。
However, when Dorothy, a very affectionate person, steps forward to embrace the mother of the groom, Grace steps backward.
然而，当阮德徽，这是一个很恩爱的人，大踏步地前进，去拥抱母亲，新郎，雍容的步骤落后。
) l2 }8 _: O- Z0 h2 d, IDorothy feels rejected.
阮德徽感觉驳回。
: _+ c( v' z* C, b9 cEven at such a joyous occasion as a wedding, Japanese customs about physical contact in public are not relaxed, even when taking place between the same sex.
即使在这样一个喜庆欢腾的时刻，因为婚礼，日本海关对身体接触中，市民并不轻松，即使考虑地方之间的性别相同的。
Truly, more formality is demonstrated in such situations.
诚然，更多的是形式上表现出这种情况。
Consider the extreme reserve displayed at the 1993 royal wedding of crown prince Naruhito to Massako Owada.
考虑极端储备显示，在1993年的皇家婚礼的皇太子德仁以massako小和田恒。
The physical acts of the royal couple consisted only of sipping sacred sake and making bows—no touching, no hugging, no kissing between the couple, certainly none by the wedding guests.
物理行为的皇室夫妇才产生神圣结识各地为了使弓不感人，没有拥抱，没有接吻之间的夫妇，当然无由婚礼的客人。
6 _) d( Z& A2 P6 R2 V" d- gIn Dorothy’s situation, even though she felt very close to Grace, she would have been more socially correct had she bowed her head slightly and then offered only verbal felicitations.
在阮德徽的情况下，即使她觉得非常接近的恩典，她会一直对社会更正确了，她低头略，然后只提供口头祝贺。
In situations like these, it is best to observe the manner in which other wedding guests congratulate family members and then follow their example.
的情况一样，这是最好的观察方式，在其他的婚礼宾客祝贺的家庭成员，然后他们为榜样。
# t$ C% J- X8 P3.3 A comparative study of Chinese and American body language
3.3比较研究中国和美国的身体语言
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7 A( `. z+ |3 N {7 g# zA comparative study of Chinese and American body language shows a number of similarities; for example: men don’t hug or embrace when meeting; a handshake is the most common gesture that goes with a greeting; waving a hand to say “goodbye” is the same; a frown shows displeasure, and the wrinkling of one’s nose is a sign of dislike, disgust or disapproval; nodding means “yes”, and shaking one’s head means “no”; pouting has the same meaning—displeasure, bad humor, resentment; a pat on the back of a man or boy indicates approval, praise, encouragement; gritting one’s teeth may express anger, fury, or determination.
比较研究中国和美国的身体语言表明了一些相似之处;举例说：男人不拥抱或拥抱时，会议;握手是最常见的姿态，这正好问候;挥着手说"再见"与此同时，一个眉显示出不悦，并起皱的一个人的鼻子是一个标志，不喜欢，厌恶或反对;点头，意思是"赞成" ，并动摇一个人的头，就是"没有" ; pouting具有相同的意义不悦恶劣的幽默，怨恨;帕特对后面的一名男子或男孩表明批准后，面对赞扬，鼓励; gritting一个人的牙齿可以表达愤怒，暴跳如雷，或裁定。
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The charts on the following pages provide examples of some of the difference:
图表上以下页面提供的例子，其中一些差异：
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0 D) A% D% g: r7 @7 BDifferent Body Language, Same Meaning
不同的身体语言，相同的含义
4 v1 o9 D! ^6 D: s2 ^Meaning Body Language in China Body Language in US
意义的身体语言，在中国的身体语言，在美国
. ~# ~. E/ |% M( H“Come here” (beckoning someone to come) hand extended toward person,open palm, palm down, withall fingers crooked in a beckoning motion hand extended toward person,closed hand, palm up, with forefinger only moving backand forth (in china this samegesture would be consideredoffensive by many)
"来到这里， " （在召唤着有人来） ，另一方面扩大对人，公开，棕榈，椰子， withall手指弯曲，在召唤着议案，另一方面扩大对人，封闭手，棕榈，与食指只动backand了（在中国这个samegesture将consideredoffensive很多）
& H2 M. L5 }/ x/ M“Shame on you!” (semi-joking gesture) forefinger of one hand extended, tip touches one’s own face several times quickly; similar to scratching,but with the forefinger straight (usually with the remark “shame on you!”) forefinger of each hand extended, palms down in front of one’s body; one forefinger makes several brushing movements over the back of the other forefinger
"耻辱！ " （半开玩笑的姿态）食指的，一方面延长，尖端触及一个人的自己面对数倍很快;相似划伤，但随着食指直（通常是同一句话： "耻辱！ " ）食指每手延伸，手掌下来，在前面的一个人的身体;之一食指提出了几项刷牙动作在后面的其他食指
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‘I’m very full” (after a meal) one or both hands open, lightly patting one’s own stomach hand raised to throat, fingersextended, palm down (oftenwith the remark “I’m full upto here.”)
'我非常充实" （后一餐）一方或双方的手打开，轻轻拍那种将自己的肚子，一方面提高到喉咙， fingersextended ，棕榈油下跌（ oftenwith这句话： "我充分感觉这里" ） 。
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; y2 k( ~) L' [8 u) V4 {2 ?Same Body Language in Tow Cultures
同样的身体语言在丝束文化
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but with Different Meaning
但各具不同的含义
' V/ l. s2 D) [9 r- h& OMeaning in China Body Language Meaning in US
意义在中国的身体语言的意义，在美国
5 Q* z; o& O# Q) l( p, c. janger, irritation, frustration, remorse stamping one’s foot impatience
愤怒，刺痛，沮丧，懊悔冲压一个人的脚不耐烦
# \' V; Z$ r! y. Uthank you; mutual positive feelings speaker or performerclapping at same timeaudience applauds applauding oneself;improper, immodest
谢谢你，相互正面感受扬声器或performerclapping在同一timeaudience鼓掌称赞自己;不当，放肆
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- \: I. X. O# iAcknowledgement
鸣谢
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The authors gratefully acknowledge Xu Mingwu, Prof for his assistance in this study.
作者非常感谢徐武教授，对他的协助这项研究。
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9 M4 V0 l6 L+ k+ k3 I$ i2 L+ uBibliography
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" _* l* ?& {& W8 O; f[6] Stern HH 1983.
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[8] 邓炎昌 《语言与文化》， 1989，外语教学与研究出版社。
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[9] 赵艳萍 《文化与交际》， 1999，中国人民大学出版社。
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